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Anaesthesia and pain

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Pain: treatment during pregnancy

3 April 2025A summary of pharmacological options commonly used to treat pain in primary care.

Switching between morphine and other opioids in palliative care

1 April 2025Switching between oral morphine and other oral opioids requires care and thoughtful application of a stepped process.

Using NSAIDS during breastfeeding

2 February 2024Ibuprofen or diclofenac are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) of choice. Recommendations apply to full term and healthy infants.

Use of nefopam for chronic pain

5 January 2024Nefopam is licensed for chronic pain relief. However, evidence to support use is limited and is not included in national guidelines.

Using paracetamol during breastfeeding

21 November 2023Paracetamol is one of the analgesics of choice for treating mild to moderate pain during breastfeeding. Recommendations apply to full term and healthy infants.

Using strong opioid analgesics during breastfeeding

26 May 2023Morphine is the strong opioid analgesic of choice for treating pain in breastfeeding. Recommendations apply to full term and healthy infants only.

Using codeine, dihydrocodeine or tramadol during breastfeeding

17 January 2023Tramadol and dihydrocodeine can be used while breastfeeding for pain control. Codeine should not be used . Advice applies to full term, healthy infants.

Morphine: informing intrathecal risk assessment

11 August 2022Morphine sulfate products vary in their licensed status and other characteristics which affects their suitability for intrathecal administration

Phenol: informing intrathecal risk assessment

11 August 2022Phenol products vary in their licensed status and other characteristics which affects their suitability for intrathecal administration

Ropivacaine: informing intrathecal risk assessment

11 August 2022Ropivacaine products vary in their licensed status and other characteristics which affects their suitability for intrathecal administration