Anaesthesia and pain
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Using codeine, dihydrocodeine or tramadol during breastfeeding
4 March 2026Tramadol or dihydrocodeine can be used short term while breastfeeding. Codeine should not be used. Advice applies to full term, healthy infants.
Using gabapentin or pregabalin during breastfeeding
11 February 2026Gabapentin or pregabalin can be used while breastfeeding with infant monitoring; gabapentin is preferred. Recommendations apply to full term, healthy infants.
Diamorphine hydrochloride: informing intrathecal risk assessment
18 April 2026Diamorphine products vary in their licensed status and other characteristics which affects their suitability for intrathecal administration
Hydromorphone: informing intrathecal risk assessment
18 April 2026Hydromorphone products vary in their licensed status and other characteristics which affects their suitability for intrathecal administration
Ziconotide: informing intrathecal risk assessment
19 February 2024Ziconotide products vary in their licensed status and other characteristics which affects their suitability for intrathecal administration
Clonidine: informing intrathecal risk assessment
18 April 2026Clonidine products vary in their licensed status and other characteristics which affects their suitability for intrathecal administration
Pain: treatment during pregnancy
3 April 2025A summary of pharmacological options commonly used to treat pain in primary care.
Switching between morphine and other opioids in palliative care
1 April 2025Switching between oral morphine and other oral opioids requires care and thoughtful application of a stepped process.
Using NSAIDS during breastfeeding
3 April 2024Ibuprofen or diclofenac are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) of choice. Recommendations apply to full term and healthy infants.
Use of nefopam for chronic pain
30 January 2024Nefopam is licensed for chronic pain relief. However, evidence to support use is limited and is not included in national guidelines.